20 2011

1991 12 26

1991 12 26

24 1991 12 2

20 1991 12 6

1991 12 7

17 1991 12 9

15 1991 12 11

14 1991 12 12

1991 12 13

13 1991 12 13

12 1991 12 14

1991 12 17

1991 12 19

1991 12 25 1991 12 26

20 2011

12 25 - ·Aleksandr Ivanovich

·Mikhail S.欧宝官网 Gorbachev

7 12 7 32 7 45 15

·Boris N.欧宝娱乐 Yeltsin

30 ·Larisa Nikolaevna

·Dmitri Stepanovich

Lyudmila

23 ·Andrei Karezn

50 Vasily·Aleksandra Taramenko

·Nadia Avenariu FRANCIS X.欧宝体育 CLINES

17

1991 12 9

12 8

2

· Mikhail S. Gorbachev

·Boris N. Yeltsin·Leonid M. Kravchuk·Stanislav Shushkevich·Nursultan A. Nazarbayev

1991 12 8 U. Ivanov

1922

73% 80%

1991 12 8 Leonid Kravchuk,亚洲 Stanislav Shushkevich Boris YeltsinUIvanov

Chernobyl

12 16

8

7

12 8 The New York Times ·

·Bill Harlow SERGE SCHMEMANN

14

1991 12 12

12 11 ·Mikhail S. Gorbachev

·Boris N. Yeltsin

1 45

Congress of People's Deputies

·Nursultan A. Nazarbayev

1 2 ·Yegor Gaidar

·Jeffrey Sachs

FRANCIS X. CLINES

1991 12 25

1991 12 26

12 25 - 74

1917 1991 12

·Mikhail S. Gorbachev 7 32

·Yegor K. Ligachev·Boris N. Yeltsin·Nikolai I. Ryzhkov·Eduard A. Shevardnadze

·Viktor Yerofeyev

1000

MandelstamMalevichPasternakSolzhenitsynRostropovichBrodsky

·Leonid I. Brezhnev

LeninStalin 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 ·Aleksandr A. Volkov·Sergei Krikalev

·Nikita S. Khrushchev 1960

·Lev Kopelev

Ivan the TerriblePeter the GreatDostoyevskyTolstoy

11

1921

18 ·Yuri V. Andropov·Konstantin U. Chernenko 1985

54

1989 500

12 8

11

SERGE SCHMEMANN

20

2011 12 25

1991

·

Igor

normalniye lyudi

1990 ·Robin HessmanMy Perestroika 5 Borya 1991 1990

Tanya SUVMariaKatya

20 55 20

30 Divine Right of Putin

20 Bill Keller

Wikimedia Commons

© 2016 THE NEW YORK TIMES

2016

| 2016